ABSTRACT
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a common chronic liver disease in the world. Most patients with NAFLD will progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and then to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The microbial analysis method can be used to explore the changing rules of intestinal flora leading to NAFLD and NASH. Studies have shown that intestinal flora leads to NAFLD by interfering with the enterohepatic axis, intestinal barrier function, and liver steatosis, and as a result, intestinal flora is considered as a potential target for clinical treatment of NAFLD. The purpose of this research is to review the microbe-host interactions associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the mechanism of how intestinal flora is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and the potential therapeutic effects of regulating intestinal flora on NAFLD.
ABSTRACT
To analyze the clinical application of Fufang Kushen Injection in treating indication (therioma) in the real world based on hospital information system (HIS) database, and provide references for clinical application of Fufang Kushen Injection. A total of 44 588 patients with therioma were extracted from the electronic medical data using Fufang Kushen Injection from 22 large-scale 3A hospitals based on HIS. We have made a descriptive analysis based on frequency and rate of general information, western medicine diagnosis, dosage, course of treatment, combination medication, and discharge outcomes. The average age of patients treated with Fufang Kushen Injection for therioma was 57.30 years old; The male patients were more than females; Oncology and outpatient admissions were the main criteria, and most of the admissions were general; The frequency distribution of western medicine diagnosis with Fufang Kushen Injection were lung, liver, stomach, colon, breast, and other malignant tumors; The maximum dosage was 10-20 mL; The common course of treatment was 4-7 d; The combination of clinical common drugs include antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulatory drugs, antibiotics, glucocorticoid drugs, 5-HT receptor blockers, etc. Fufang Kushen Injection has been widely used in the clinical treatment of therioma with different systems and different conditions. The characteristics of the indication population are clear, and it conforms to the general rule of therioma; The clinical dosage and course of treatment basically meet the requirements of the variety specification, and the type of combination drugs is more extensive.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to develop an in vitro screening method for nasal absorption of insulin. First, the adaptability of in situ rat nasal perfusion test for the study of insulin was investigated. It was found that insulin was liable to be absorbed on the silicone tube and the traditional method is not suitable. However, addition of 0.001% Labrasol into the perfusate can effectively solve this problem. A modified method suitable for in situ rat nasal perfusion of insulin was established with the addition of 0.001% Labrasol into the perfusate. Using the modified method, effect of pH and drug concentration on the absorption of insulin in the nasal cavity was further investigated. The results suggest that compared with pH 4.5 and pH 7.4, the drug absorption rate was the lowest at pH 6.0. The intranasal absorption mechanism of insulin may be passive diffusion.
ABSTRACT
To analyze the clinical drug use characteristics and medication rules of cervus and cucumis polypeptide injection (CCP injection) for the patients with lumbar vertebra diseases. Based on the electronic medical data of 6 990 patients with CCP injection for lumbar vertebra diseases from 25 first-class hospitals over the whole country from 2004, statistical analysis was conducted for their general information, diagnostic information, orders information, laboratory test information and treatment results. The results showed that the age distribution was highest in patients aged 45 to 64 (3 883, 55.55%); protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc was most common among lumbar vertebra diseases (5 519, 82.50%); and TCM syndrome mainly included hemostasis. The daily dose was most between 8-12 mL, with a usual treatment course of 1-3 d. Commonly used western medicines in combined drug use included hypertonic dehydrating agent, antibiotics and nutrition nerve medicines, and the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines in combined drug use included the drugs with promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, kidney-tonifying and bone-building agents, and formula for clearing heat and removing toxicity, etc. The most commonly used western medicines are methylamine, adenosine, lidocaine injection, mannitol, et al, and the most commonly used Chinese medicines included Jintiange capsules, Qianggu capsules, et al. It is suggested that CCP injection for lumbar vertebrae diseases is mainly used in middle-aged and elderly patients, and is frequently used in combination with kidney-tonifying and bone-building agents, drugs with promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, analgesic agents and antibiotics.
ABSTRACT
To investigate factors influencing the intranasal absorption of rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT), we studied the pharmacokinetics of RHT after intranasal administration and evaluated its brain targeting behavior. In situ rat nasal perfusion model was used in the study and pH impact was examined on the intranasal absorption of RHT. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to measure RHT concentration in the plasma and brain tissue after intranasal and intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters, drug targeting index (DTI), and nose-to-brain direct transport percentage (DTP) were calculated. It was demonstrated that the intranasal absorption mechanism of RHT was passive diffusion. The absorption rate was highest at pH 6.0. The absolute bioavailability of intranasally administrated RHT was 73.58%. Compared with that of intravenous administration, RHT absorption into the brain was faster and more efficient after intranasal delivery, and the DTI value was 195.27% of intravenous injection. Moreover, 48.79% of the drug can be absorbed directly from the nose into the brain without systematic circulation. Meanwhile, drug elimination half-time in the brain was prolonged by 1.4 fold compared to that of intravenous injection. In conclusion, intranasal administration of RHT not only improves drug absorption into the system, but also enhances drug absorption rate and content in the brain remarkably, which is an advantage in the treatment of central nervous system-related diseases.
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study are to prepare resveratrol loaded mixed micelles composed of poloxamer 403 and poloxamer 407, and optimize the formulation in order to achieve higher drug solubility and sustained drug release. Firstly, a thin-film hydration method was utilized to prepare the micelles. By using drug-loading, encapsulation yield and particle size of the micelles as criteria, influence of three variables, namely poloxamer 407 mass fraction, amount of water and feeding of resveratrol, on the quality of the micelles was optimized with a central composite design method. Steady fluorescence measurement was carried out to evaluate the critical micelle concentration of the carriers. Micelle stability upon dilution with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid was investigated. The in vitro release of resveratrol from the mixed micelles was monitored by dialysis method. It was observed that the particle size of the optimized micelle formulation was 24 nm, with drug-loading 11.78%, and encapsulation yield 82.51%. The mixed micelles increased the solubility of resveratrol for about 197 times. Moreover, the mixed micelles had a low critical micelle concentration of 0.05 mg · mL(-1) in water and no apparent changes in particle size and drug content were observed upon micelles dilution, indicating improved kinetic stability. Resveratrol was released from the micelles in a controlled manner for over 20 h, and the release process can be well described by Higuchi equation. Therefore, resveratrol-loaded poloxamer 403/407 mixed micelles could improve the solubility of resveratrol significantly and sustained drug release behavior can be achieved.